By Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

-- Talk presented in Progressive Farm Leaders Summit on Genetic

Manipulation and Agriculture, Coalition of Family Farmers, USA, Mannassas,

Virginia, September 11, 1999 --

Friends and colleagues! It is great to be here with you. As has been made

clear by speakers in the previous panel, the issue is not just whether we

should accept GM crops. We are involved in the biggest, most inclusive,

world-wide civil rights movement of the century, if not the millennium, and

it is against the corporate empire that has ruthlessly exploited and ruined

all of the earth's resources, to make the rich ever richer, and the poor

ever poorer and hungrier. And now, to top it all, the corporate empire is

taking possession of life and our life-support system, to use as stakes in

a final gamble with a Frankenstein science and technology that has the

potential to destroy all life on earth. As some of you will know, the

movement has been going on for well over twenty years. I am a latecomer,

an ex-ivory tower academic who has been moved and inspired to join in the

struggle since 1994.

There are very brave people in the movement, who are accepting arrest and

harassment to put our case to our Governments. The destruction of GM field

trials in the UK by Genetix Snowball and others has been grabbing the

international headlines, but that kind of action started several years ago

in Germany. It is now also happening in Ireland, France, India, Brazil,

and I am told, in your country as well. The perpetrators are not the usual

eco-warriors, but ordinary citizens like you and me, from all age groups

and right across the social spectrum, literally from prince to pauper. I

was an expert witness helping to defend seven people who took civil

disobedience action against Monsanto's GM test sites in Ireland. Among the

seven was a journalist, a lawyer and 84-year old author and organic farmer,

John Seymour, who compares the invasion of Ireland by Monsanto's

"genetically mutilated" crops to the invasion by the Norman army, and sees

it his duty to defend his country. "And if I have to go to prison because

of it then I will go with a good will, and make the best of it, and when I

get out I will try to stop them again!" The resistance to GM crops is

world-wide.

In India, I met angry farmers calling for a ban on GM crops. They burnt the

field trials in a "cremate Monsanto" campaign, followed by the "Monsanto

quit India" campaign. In the region of South Asia, a large coalition of

ngos representing millions of farmers launched a two-prong attack: a

resistance campaign directed against all genetic engineering corporations

and a seed-saving campaign to save and preserve traditional seeds, which

alone can truly feed the hungry people in the world. Similar resistance and

seed-saving campaigns are happening elsewhere. A coalition of Latin

American ngos have declared they will not accept GM crops. In Brazil, the

agricultural minister of the State of Rio Grande do Sul was the first to

declare his State GM-free, and a remarkable group of eminent judges and

lawyers played a major role in getting Monsanto's GM soya banned from the

whole country. Monsanto has appealed three times and failed to get the

federal court decision overturned. At the same time, Brazil is drafting

biodiversity/biosafety laws in order to protect their genetic resources and

indigenous knowledge from biopiracy.

In Japan, three of the largest consumer associations, with membership

running into millions and hundreds of thousands, succeeded in getting

mandatory labeling of GM products. Tewolde Egziabher of Ethiopia, leading

spokesperson of the African Region, has rejected the technology as "neither

safe, environmentally friendly, nor economically beneficial." The African

Region has taken the lead in drafting the most comprehensive International

Biosafety Protocol under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in order

to regulate the use and transport of genetic engineered products. The

negotiations broke down in Cartegena, Columbia, this February, blocked by

the US and its 5 allies of the Miami Group against the overwhelming

majority of the 170 countries who have signed onto the Convention on

Biological Diversity. Since then, African countries have been drafting

Biosafety Law for the entire region, in order to protect themselves against

the dumping of GM crops and products. The European Union has a de facto

moratorium at least until 2002, but consumer resistance has already led to

all major food chains and suppliers to declare themselves GM-free.

Although consumers reject GM products primarily on grounds of safety,

farmers do so because of the threat of seed monopoly. Farmers have always

depended on saving seeds and replanting them, and 85% of the farmers in the

Third World still do so. It is the symbiotic linkage of the human

life-cycle to that of crop-plants that perpetuates and propagates both.

Corporate patents are now preventing farmers from saving and replanting

under penalty of heavy fines. This comes at a time when, within the past 10

years, many farmers in the Third World have gone back to cultivating and

conserving indigenous varieties in all forms of organic, sustainable

agriculture, doubling and tripling their yields and improving their

livelihood, health, and nutrition. They have been reversing the

environmentally and socially destructive trends of the so-called

high-yielding monocultures of the green revolution, which have brought

financial ruin and suicides to thousands in India alone, and for the same

reasons it is now happening in US and Europe. The liberalization of trade

and investment under the globalized economy of the World Trade Organization

has effectively allowed corporations to buy when and where it is cheapest

and sell at inflated prices, and in addition, undercut farmers by getting

the state to subsidize dumping of surpluses. Farmers are reduced to serfs

in a feudal system run by corporations.

As a scientist, I have to say that reductionist western science has a lot

to answer for. It has been working hand in glove with corporations to bring

our planet to the edge of extinction in climate change and a string of

ecological disasters. The reason people feel so passionately against

genetic engineering biotechnology is because we know, intuitively and

intellectually, that living organisms are our last resort, our last

remaining hope for regenerating and saving the planet. I saw how organic

farmers in India can regenerate land completely laid waste by agrochemicals

and industrial chemicals and given up for good. And they did it in just

two to three years. In Japan, Takeo Furuno introduced the 'one-bird

revolution' ten years ago by releasing ducklings into paddy fields which

are complex ecosystems of rice plants, nitrogen-fixing duckweed, roach,

daphnia, plankton, and innumerable species of so-called weeds and pests

including insects and the golden snail on which the ducklings thrive. I am

hopeful that we can reverse the destruction, and convinced that nature's

harvest is bountiful to all who, instead of engaging in perpetual warfare

against nature, learn how to work in partnership with her.

The corporations stop at nothing to protect their patents and to profiteer.

They have even threatened to release the ultimate terminator -- harvested

seeds that do not germinate -- thus breaking the very cycle of life. The

terminator corporations and their scientists are playing dangerous games

with the natural resilience and fecundity of life which are also needed to

reverse the destruction and to regenerate the earth.

The power for regeneration is in the seed. It is also in the will of each

and everyone of us who cares, who, for the love of life and nature, works

for a better, more equitable and compassionate world. The power for

regeneration is especially in the farmer who understands how to work with

holistic, organic nature. Organic farmers everywhere are poets. Charles

McGuire in Ireland tells me, "When I walk into my fields, I can feel the

earth singing to me." Sultan Ismail in India says, "The soil is a living

organism. We have placental connections with the soil." and "Trees are

poems that the earth writes in the sky, But we cut them down to fill our

emptiness."

What I find most encouraging as a scientist is that after centuries of

reductionist, mechanistic thought, contemporary western science is finally

re-discovering and re-instating the same view of holistic, organic nature

that many indigenous cultures in the world have never lost touch with.

Unfortunately, mainstream biology is left far behind. It has no

appreciation of interconnected nature. It has no concept of an organism as

a whole. It thinks it can improve on nature by arbitrarily manipulating and

transferring genes, and does not realize it has created monsters. It is a

Frankenstein science in exactly the way Mary Shelley's genius portrayed

it. A cloned human embryo has even been created by transferring the human

genetic material into a cow's egg. Thankfully, they've destroyed it at day

14, the current legal limit. The original Dr. Frankenstein, at least, did

not do it for money, while the Frankenstein science we have now is driven

and blinded by profit.

Genetic engineering is a new departure from conventional techniques and

introduces new hazards. Eminent UK scientist Arpad Pusztai was recently

victimised for calling attention to the research findings of his group,

which suggest that the GM potatoes they were testing are toxic and that the

toxicities are in the genetic engineering process. Pusztai's findings are

not the first to indicate that the hazards may be inherent to the

technology. A large literature already exists, much of it described in my

book, Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare. But the evidence has been

ignored, or dismissed by the opponents.

Many ecological and health impacts are well-known. GM crops have created

herbicide-tolerant weeds and insecticide-resistant pests. The

broad-spectrum herbicides used with the herbicide-tolerant GM crops not

only decimate wild species indiscriminately, but are toxic to animals.

Glufosinate causes birth defects in mammals, while glyphosate is now linked

to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. GM crops with bt-toxins kill beneficial insects

such as bees and lacewings, and scientists in Cornell University have

recently shown that pollen from bt-maize is lethal to monarch butterflies.

You may not be aware, however, of the hazards inherent to the technology.

Genetic engineering introduces new genes and combinations of genes into

crops whose ecological and health impacts have never been tested. Many of

these genes are from viruses and bacteria that cause diseases, including

antibiotic resistance genes that can compromise treatment for infectious

diseases. Furthermore, the methods used to introduce foreign genes are

uncontrollable. They give rise to random, unpredictable effects including

new toxins and allergens.

Most dangerous of all, the foreign genes introduced can spread, not just by

cross-pollinating related species, but to unrelated species by infection.

This is called horizontal gene transfer, in which the genetic material

itself is taken up. It has the potential to create new viruses and bacteria

that cause diseases and spread antibiotic and drug resistance genes. The

pioneers of genetic engineering called for a moratorium in the 1970s

precisely because they were worried about this possibility. Unfortunately,

commercial pressures cut the moratorium short. Since then, drug and

antibiotic resistant infectious diseases have come back with a vengeance.

New viruses appear at alarming frequencies, while dangerous bacteria are

becoming resistant to all antibiotics and hence untreatable. What we now

know that they didn't in the 1970s is that DNA itself is infectious, and

can remain indefinitely long after the organisms have died. Genetically

modified DNA can spread to organisms in all environments, including

bacteria in the mouth, the gut, and the respiratory tract of mammals. It

can spread in pollen and dust.

Why is genetically modified DNA any more likely to spread than non-modified

DNA? There are several reasons, the chief of which is that because

genetically modified DNA has been designed to invade and jump into genomes,

it may be more likely to jump again into other genomes. This involves an

increased tendency of genetically modified DNA to break and join up with

other DNA.

Indeed, foreign DNA jumping into the genomes of cells can itself give rise

to many harmful effects including cancer. In its interim report published

in May this year, the British Medical Association called for an indefinite

moratorium on the release of GM crops pending further studies on new

allergies, on the spread of antibiotic resistances and on the effects of

genetically modified DNA. These concerns are shared by more than 100

scientists from 23 countries, including 37 from the US, who have signed a

World Scientists' Statement calling for a 5 year global moratorium and a

ban on patents of life-forms. It was launched this February in Cartegena,

Columbia, during the United Nations Conference on the international

Biosafety Protocol.

The biotech industry is being driven by the erroneous, outmoded belief that

genes are the most important, constant determinants of organisms, so that

by manipulating and transferring genes, new life-forms could be created to

satisfy all our needs, and that by eliminating or replacing bad genes, we

can get rid of all diseases. Instead, scientific findings for the past

twenty years are demonstrating that the genetic material is fluid and

dynamic, and can itself change in response to the ecological environment.

Indeed, genes and genomes need a stable, balanced ecosystem to remain

stable. Sustainable, organic agriculture is predicated on such balanced

ecosystems. The conditions for genetic health, similarly, are no different

from those for physiological health: unpolluted environment; wholesome

organic foods free from agrochemicals; clean and socially satisfying living

conditions. Those are the real choices for civil society.

It is symbolic that we have gathered in Washington. We are once again

fighting for independence, this time from the transnational feudal lords.

When we win, and I am confident we will. It will be the triumph of

democracy over feudalism, of reason over stupidity, of love and compassion

over exploitation, of life over death. It will be the end of the brave new

world of bad science and big business. It will be the triumph of

sustainable, responsible science and industry working together for the good

of all.