Education Commitments

Agenda 21 - chapter 36 & UNCSD

Contents

1. All Stakeholders

    1. Understanding of Chapter 36
    2. Objectives: Reorienting education towards sustainable development
    3. Objectives: Increasing public awareness
    4. Objectives: Promoting training
    5. Activities: Follow-up on CSD decisions, conventions, etc.
    6. Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

2.1 Governments

2.1.a Activities: Policy Planning

2.2.b Activities: Administration

2.3.c Activities: Finance

2.4.d Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

2.2 Governments supported by the UN

2.2.a Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

2.3 Governments in cooperation with International Organizations

2.3.a Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

2.4 Governments in cooperation with International Organizations, NGOs, Business

2.4.a Activities: Knowledge Building

2.5 Government in cooperation with Academia

2.5.a Activities: Administration

2.6 Government in cooperation with Teacher Representatives, Teacher Unions

2.6.a Activities: Administration

2.7 Government in cooperation with International Organizations, Educational Authorities, Community groups, NGOs, Academia

2.7.a Activities: Administration

3.1 Educational Authorities

3.1.a Activities: Policy Planninng, Administration

3.2.b Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

3.2 Educational Authorities assisted by community groups and NGOs

3.2.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

3.3 Educational Authorities In cooperation with Community groups and Non-formal educators

3.3.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

3.4 Educational Authorities In cooperation with Local authorities and community groups

3.4.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

3.5 Educational Authorities In cooperation with UNESCO

3.5.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

4.1 UNESCO – Task Manager of Chapter 36, Agenda 21

4.1.a Activities: Understanding, Follow-up

4.1.b Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

4.1.c Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

4.2 UNESCO/UNEP International Environmental Education Programme in cooperation with other appropriate UN bodies, Governments, NGOs

4.b.1 Activities: Administration

4.3 UNESCO in cooperation with the relevant educational institutions and international organizations

4.3.a Activities: Administration

5. UNICEF

5.1 Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

6. UNDP

6.1 Activities: Support Programmes

7. Regional Organisations

7.1 Activities: Administration

    1. Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination

8. Aid/Donor Agencies

8.1 Activities: Knowledge Building

9. International Financial Institutions

9.1 Activities: Facilitation, Finance

10. Bretton Wood Institutions

10.1 Activities: Facilitation, finance

11. Academia in cooperation with the public

11.1 Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

12. Business

12.1 Activities: Human Resources Development

13. Employers' organizations, Workers' organizations, Industry associations

13.1 Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

14. National professional associations

14.1 Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

15. Universities

15.1 Activities: Curriculum Design, Methodologies

16. NGOs

 

1. All Stakeholders

1.1 Understanding of Chapter 36

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11

Art. 1 fg

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 6 b

Is basic education for all and lifelong learning about environment and development at the core of your efforts?

Do you value traditional knowledge enough and ensure that it does not become submerged in the ‘sustainable education’- process?

Whole Population

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 6 c

Do you include, inter alia, non-formal and informal modes of teaching and learning, for example, within the family and community to pursue the objectives of Chapter 36 (education, public awareness and training) ?

Have you taken an interdisciplinary approach incorporating social, economic and environmental issues to achieve education for sustainable development?

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 6 d

Have you bought into the argument that public awareness is the prerequisite for public participation in decision-making for sustainable development?

Have you also recognized the close link between public awareness and access to information?

Whole Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 6 e

Have you recognized that educating women has a crucial impact on sustainable development and on changing the attitudes and behaviour

of families, society and nations?

Women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

1.2 Objectives: Reorienting education towards sustainable development

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4/
36.5 a

Have you developed a priority list and schedule endorsing the recommendations of the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs (Jomtien, Thailand, 5-9 March 1990) to ensure its Framework for Action?

Whole population

Final Report of the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs, Jomtien, Thailand, 5-9 March 1990 (New York, Inter-Agency Commission (UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank) for the World Conference on Education for All, 1990).

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4

Have you ensured universal access to basic education and primary education for at least 80 per cent of girls and 80 per cent of boys of primary school age through formal schooling or non-formal education?

Children

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4

Have you reduced the adult illiteracy rate to at least half of its 1990 level, particularly that of women?

Adults, particularly women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4

Have you achieved environmental and development awareness in all sectors of society?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art.36.4/
36.5 a

Have you made environmental and development education universally accessible? Have you linked it to social education of all age groups?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4

Have you promoted the integration of environment and development concepts, including demography, in all educational programmes? Have you emphasised the causal links between major environment and development issues and local activition?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.4

Have you given special emphasis to the further training of decision makers at all levels in environmental and developmental concepts?

Decision makers

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

1.3 Objectives: Increasing public awareness

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.2.b/ 36.9

Have you helped to promote broad public awareness as an essential part of a global education effort to strengthen attitudes, values and actions which are compatible with sustainable development?

Have you stressed the principle of devolving authority, accountability and resources to the most appropriate level with preference given to local responsibility and control over awareness-building activities?

Whole Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

1.4 Objectives: Promoting training

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.2.c/ 36.13

Have you established or strengthened vocational training programmes that meet the needs of environment and development with ensured access to training opportunities, regardless of social status, age, gender, race or religion?

Have you promoted a flexible and adaptable workforce of various ages equipped to meet growing environment and development problems and changes arising from the transition to a sustainable society?

Have national capacities, particularly in scientific education and training been strengthened to enable governments, employers and workers to meet their environmental and development objectives and to facilitate the transfer and assimilation of new environmentally sound, socially acceptable and appropriate technology and know-how?

Is it ensured that environmental and human ecological considerations are integrated at all managerial levels and in all functional management areas, such as marketing, production and finance?

Workforce

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

1. All Stakeholders

1.5 Activities: Follow-up on CSD decisions, conventions, etc.

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11

Art. 1 f

Have you refined the concept of education for sustainable development and to identified the key messages?

All Stakeholders

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11

Art. 2 g

CSD VI,

Decision 7/4

Art. 1 e

Have you developed new partnership arrangements among educators, scientists, Governments, non-governmental organizations, business and industry, youth, the media and other major groups, to communicate the key

messages of sustainable development through both formal and non-formal channels?

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

1.6 Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 l

Have you increased public awareness about the impacts of violence in society?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.20.

Have you promoted an understanding of the interrelationship between good environment and good business practices?

Businesses

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2. 1 Governments

2.1.a Activities: Policy Planning

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.5 a

Have you developed national strategies for for meeting basic learning needs?

Are you already undertaking actions to meet basic learning needs?
Have you broadened the means and scope of education?

Whole population

http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/background/07Bpubl.shtml

(Framework for Action resulting from Jomtien Conference)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.5 b

Has your country prepared strategies aimed at integrating environment and development as a cross-cutting issue into education at all levels? Has this happened in cooperation with all sectors of society?

Whole population

1995

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 b

Do your strategies set out clearly policies and activities, identify needs, cost, means and schedules for their implementation, evaluation and review?
Do they reflect a multidisciplinary approach, which pays due respect to community-defined needs and diverse knowledge systems, including science, cultural and social sensitivities?

Whole population

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 c (iv)

Have you integrated the aspect of gender balance and the empowerment of women into national education strategies?

Women

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 g

Have you promoted promote environmentally sound leisure and tourism activities, building on The Hague Declaration of Tourism (1989) and the current programmes of the World Tourism Organization and UNEP, making suitable use of museums, heritage sites, zoos, botanical gardens, national parks, and other protected areas?

Leisure Industry

The Hague Declaration of Tourism (1989)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 c (i/iii)

Are education and public awareness significant components in regional, national and local strategies and action plans for sustainable development?

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

2.1.b Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 c

Have you set up a national advisory environmental education body, which is representative of various environmental, developmental, educational, gender and other interests? Is it sufficient to mobilize the different population groups and communities to develop their own environment and development initiatives?

Community Representatives


Decision Makers

NGOs

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.21.

Have you developed a service of locally trained and recruited environmental technicians who are able to provide local people and communities, particularly in deprived urban and rural areas, with the services they require, starting from primary environmental care?

Deprived

Communities

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.5a

Have you incorporated non-governmental organizations in your planning and implementation process?

NGOs

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 h

Have you increased the involvement of NGOs in environmental and development problems through joint awareness initiatives?

NGOs

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 n

 

Have you affirmed the rights of indigenous peoples to use their experience and understanding of sustainable development and to play a part in education and training?

Indigenous People

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.19.

Have you consulted with people in geographically, culturally or socially isolated situations to ascertain their needs for training to enable them to contribute more fully to developing sustainable work practices and lifestyles?

geographically, culturally or socially isolated

groups

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 I

 

Are you increasingly cooperating with indigenous people in the management, planning and development of their local environment?

Have you promoted the dissemination of traditional and socially learned knowledge through means of local customs and electronic media?

Indigenous people

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

2.1.c Activities: Finance

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.7 a

Have you given higher priority to support education, training and public awareness activities related to environment and development in budget allocations and protected them from structural cutting requirements?

Whole population

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.7 b

Have you shifted allocations within existing education budgets in favour of primary education, with focus on environment and development?

Primary Education Sector

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.7 d

Have you obtained additional funds from private donors concentrating on the poorest countries, and those with rates of literacy below 40 per cent?

Particularly poor countries

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.7 f

Have you lifted restrictions on private schooling and helped to increase the flow of funds from and to non-governmental organizations, including small-scale grass-roots organizations?

Education Sector

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2.1.c Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 h

Have you strengthened information exchange through the enhancement of technologies and capabilities to promote environment and development education as well as public awareness?


Have educational tools been developed in cooperation with other countries, the various social sectors and population groups, which deal with the specific regional issues?

Regional Populations

1997

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 j

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 b (ii)

Have you fostered the development of national or regional centres of excellence in interdisciplinary research and education in environmental and developmental sciences, law and the management of specific environmental problems?

If not, have you integrated the establishment of such centres in your strategies?

Academia

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.7 I

Have you encouraged twinning of universities in developed and developing countries?

Universities

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11

Art. 2 h

Have you worked in partnership with youth to strengthen tools for youth empowerment and to provide skills and training to prepare youth for decision-making roles and sustainable livelihoods?

Youth

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 a

Have you strengthened existing advisory bodies or established new ones for public environment and development information?

Have you coordinated activities with the United Nations, NGOs, important media and other relevant organisations?

Have you encouraged public participation in discussions of environmental policies and assessments?

Have you facilitated and supported national to local networking of information through existing networks?

Administration

Whole population

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 c

Have you provided public environmental and development information services for raising the awareness of all groups, the private sector and particularly decision makers?

Whole population,

particularly

businesses

and decision makers

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 d

Have you stimulated educational establishments in all sectors, especially the tertiary sector, to contribute more to awareness building?

Do you obtain educational materials, which are based on the best available scientific information?

Educational Sector, particularly

tertiary

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 e

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11

Art. 1 j

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 g (i)

Have you promoted a cooperative relationship with the media, popular theatre groups, and entertainment and advertising industries by initiating discussions to mobilize their experience in shaping public behaviour and consumption patterns?

 

Has that led to information campaigns, which communicate to the public the key messages of sustainable development?

Media, Arts

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.17.

Have you encouraged all sectors of society, such as industry, universities, government officials and employees, non-governmental organizations and community organizations, to include an environmental management component in all relevant training activities, with emphasis on meeting immediate skill requirements through short-term formal and in-plant vocational and management training?

All societal organizations

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.22.

Have you enhanced the abilities to gain access to, analyse and effectively use information and knowledge available on environment and development?

Have special training programmes to support information needs of special groups been strengthened?

Has the impact of these programmes on productivity, health, safety and employment been evaluated?

Have national and regional environmental labour-market information systems been developed that supply up-to-date data on environmental job and training opportunities?

Have environment and development training resource-guides been prepared and updated, which contain information on training programmes, curricula, methodologies and evaluation results at the local, national, regional and international levels?

Administration

Whole Population

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2.2 Governments
supported by the UN

2.2.a Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.14.

Have you identified workforce training needs and assessed measures to be taken to meet those needs?

Has a review of progress in this area been undertaken by the UN?

Workforce

1995

 

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

2.2 Governments
in cooperation with International Organizations

2.2.a Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.25.

Have you developed and implemented strategies to deal with national, regional and local environmental threats and emergencies?

Have you emphasized urgent practical training and awareness programmes for increasing public preparedness?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2.4 Governments
in cooperation with International Organizations, NGOs, Business

2.4.a Activities: Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 j

Have you fostered the development of national or regional centres of excellence in interdisciplinary research and education in environmental and developmental sciences, law and the management of specific environmental problems?

Academia

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2.5 Government
in cooperation with Academia

2.5.a Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 f

Have you established ways of employing modern communication technologies for effective public outreach?

Whole Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

2.6 Government
in cooperation with Teacher Representatives, Teacher Unions

2.6.a Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSDVI,

Decison 6/3

Section C,

Art. 7 b (v)

Have you reoriented teacher training in formal education systems towards sustainable development?

 

Teachers

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

2.7 Government
in cooperation with International Organizations, Educational Authorities, Community groups, NGOs, Academia

2.7.a Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSDVI,

Decison 6/3

Section C,

Art. 7 b (i)

Have you on Governments at all levels, with the assistance and participation, as appropriate, of international organizations, the educational and scientific communities, non-governmental organizations and local authorities, to develop policies and strategies for reorienting education towards sustainable development, including roles and responsibilities of factors at the local, national and regional levels;

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

3.1 Educational Authorities

3.1.a Activities: Policy Planninng, Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 g

Have you undertaken a comprehensive review of your educational programmes, encompassing training and public awareness, to reassess priorities and reallocate resources?

Have you established a programme, which is adapted to the needs of educators at different levels and circumstances? Does this program mobilize the different sectors of society?

Administration

1994

 

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.18.

Have you set up training and retraining programmes to meet structural adjustments which have an impact on employment and skill qualifications?

Adult Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.18.

Have you strengthened/ established practical training programmes for graduates from vocational schools, high schools and universities to enable them to meet labour market requirements and to achieve sustainable livelihoods?

Youth

Students

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.17.

Have you strengthened environmental management training capacities and established specialized "training of trainers" programmes to support training at the national and enterprise levels?

Decision Makers

Employees

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD IV, Decision 4/11

Have you increased your efforts to raise awareness and taken action in implementing Agenda 21 at the community and municipality

levels, as well as targeting households as a key point of entry?

Local Authorities

Households

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

3.1.b Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 I

Have you supported university and other tertiary activities and networks for environmental and development education, i.e. the creation of cross-disciplinary courses for all students, the promotion of research and common teaching approaches on sustainable development?
Have you also created new partnerships with business and other countries for technology, know-how and knowledge exchange?

Universities

Tertiary Education

Sector

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 m

Have you fostered opportunities for women in non-traditional fields and eliminated gender stereotyping in curricula through:

  • improved enrolment opportunities in tertiary education,
  • reform of the teacher staffing policies
  • provided incentives for establishing child-care facilities?

Have you given priority to the education of young females and to programmes promoting literacy among women?

Women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.7 h

Have you facilitated low-cost or no-cost use of mass media for the purposes of education?

Any educational institutions

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 d

Have you stimulated educational establishments in all sectors, especially the tertiary sector, to contribute more to awareness building?

Do you obtain educational materials, which are based on the best available scientific information?

Educational Sector, particularly

tertiary

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 k

Have you encouraged the mobilization of both men and women in awareness campaigns, stressing the role of the family in environmental activities, women's contribution to transmission of knowledge and social values and the development of human resources?

Whole population,

particularly women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.17.

Have you developed new training approaches for existing environmentally sound practices that create employment opportunities and make maximum use of local resource-based methods?

Local Communities

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.16.

Have you integrated environmental and developmental issues into existing training curricula and promote the exchange of their methodologies and evaluations?

Students

Employees

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

3.2 Educational Authorities

assisted by community groups and NGOs

3.2.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 d

Have you set up or assisted pre-service and in-service training programmes for all teachers, administrators, and educational planners, as well as non-formal educators in all sectors, addressing the nature and methods of environmental and development education?

Teachers

Administrators

Educational Planners

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 k

Have you facilitated and promoted non-formal education activities at the local, regional and national levels?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 l

Have you promoted all kinds of adult education programmes for continuing education in environment and development, basing activities around elementary/secondary schools and local problems?

Adult Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 l

Have you addressed business, industrial and agricultural schools to include the above topics in their curricula?

Business

Tertiary Education Sector

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

3.3 Educational Authorities

In cooperation with Community groups and Non-formal educators

3.3.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 k

Have you facilitated and promoted non-formal education activities at the local, regional and national levels?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

3.4 Educational Authorities

In cooperation with Local authorities and community groups

3.4.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 e

Have you ensured that every school is assisted in designing environmental activity work plans?

Do students and staff actively participate in these planning activities? Do schoolchildren get involved in local and regional studies on environmental health, including safe drinking water, sanitation and food and ecosystems and in relevant activities, linking these studies with services and research in national parks, wildlife reserves, ecological heritage sites etc.?

Schools

Students

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 f

Have you promoted proven educational methods and developed innovative teaching methods for educational settings without overthrowing appropriate traditional education systems in local communities?

Schools

Students

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 e

Have you ensured that every school is assisted in designing environmental activity work plans?

Do students and staff actively participate in these planning activities? Do schoolchildren get involved in local and regional studies on environmental health, including safe drinking water, sanitation and food and ecosystems and in relevant activities, linking these studies with services and research in national parks, wildlife reserves, ecological heritage sites etc.?

Schools

Students

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

3.5 Educational Authorities In cooperation with UNESCO

3.5.a Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 f

[where applicable] Have you expanded the use of audio-visual methods, especially in rural areas in mobile units, by producing television and radio programmes?

Does this involve local participation?

Rural communities

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

4.1 UNESCO – Task Manager of Chapter 36, Agenda 21

4.1.a Activities: Understanding, Follow-up

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11,

Article 1 f/

Article 2 d

 

Has UNESCO refined the concept and the key messages of education for sustainable development, taken into account the experience of environmental education and integrated considerations pertaining to population, health, economics, social and human development, and peace and security?

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3,

Section C : Education, Public Awareness, Training,

Article 7 a (ii)

Have you clarified and communicated the concept and key messages of education for sustainable development, with emphasis on assisting in the interpretation and adaptation of these messages at the regional and national levels?

All Stakeholders

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

4.1.b Activities: Administration, Policy Planning

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target

Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 b

As the task manager for Chapter 36:
Has the UN system improved its outreach through a review of your education and public awareness activities?

Whole population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 b

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Are all parts of the UN system, especially the information bodies and regional and country operations, coordinated with regard to sustainable development education?

Administration

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 b

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Are systematic surveys of the impact of awareness programmes conducted, which recognize the needs and contributions of specific community groups?

Administration

Communities with specific needs

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 e

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Has the UN promoted a cooperative relationship with the media, popular theatre groups, and entertainment and advertising industries by initiating discussions to mobilize their experience in shaping public behaviour and consumption patterns?

Media, Arts

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 i

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Is the UN systems increasingly cooperating with indigenous people in the management, planning and development of their local environment?

Has the UN promoted the dissemination of traditional and socially learned knowledge through means of local customs and electronic media?

Indigenous people

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 j

Have you developed support programmes to involve young people and children in environment and development issues, such as children's and youth hearings and building on decisions of the World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)?

Youth

Children

 

World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 k

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Has the UN encouraged the mobilization of both men and women in awareness campaigns, stressing the role of the family in environmental activities, women's contribution to transmission of knowledge and social values and the development of human resources?

Whole population,

particularly women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.26.

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Has the UN system extended its training programmes, particularly its environmental training [where appropriate]?

UN Administration

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.26.

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Has the UN system supported activities for employers' and workers' organizations?

Employers' and workers' organizations

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD IV,

Decision 4/11,

Article 1 l/

Article 2 a

CSD VI,

Decision 7/4

Art. 1 e/ 2/ 3

As the task manager for Chapter 36: Has the UN system developed a new cooperative arrangement, which involves all relevant

bodies of the United Nations system, Governments and major groups, in particular non-governmental organizations, business and industry, youth and the educational community, and which is bold and imaginative and concentrates on a limited number of key undertaking?

Has the UN promoted networks on education

and training for sustainable development at all levels, particularly at the grass-roots level?

UN Administration

2001

 

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

4.1.c Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3,

Section C : Education, Public Awareness, Training,

Article 7 f (i)

Have you set up your electronic registry and knowledge management system for chapter 36? Have these information been made available in both electronic and conventional formats to all countries, in particular the developing countries?
Have you encouraged innovative programmes and projects from all sources, such as various major groups, including industry, women, youth and non-governmental organizations and included them in this inventory?

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

4.2 UNESCO/UNEP International Environmental Education Programme

in cooperation with other appropriate UN bodies, Governments, NGOs

4.2.a Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 g

Have you undertaken a comprehensive review of your educational programmes, encompassing training and public awareness, to reassess priorities and reallocate resources?

Have you established a programme integrating the decisions of the Conference into the existing United Nations framework adapted to the needs of educators at different levels and circumstances?

Administration

1994

 

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 k

Have you developed an international network for the achievement of global educational aims?

Administration

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 o

Have you taken on a monitoring and evaluative role regarding decisions of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development on education and awareness through your relevant agencies and with the help of governments and NGOs?

Is the continuous implementation and review of the educational implications of Conference decisions ensured through dissemination of decisions and conferences?

Administration

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 b (ii)

Have you completed a survey of existing regional and national strategies and action plans

for sustainable development to determined the extent to which education has been adequately addressed to date to develop recommendations resulting therefrom?

Have you made such information available to the Commission on Sustainable Development?

Administration

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

4.3 UNESCO in cooperation with the relevant educational institutions and international organizations

4.3.a Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3,

Section C : Education, Public Awareness, Training,

Article 7 b (iv)

Have you developed guidelines for the reorientation of teacher training towards sustainable development?

Teachers

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

5. UNICEF

5.1 Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 e

Have you made child-oriented material available to media as an educational tool?

Primary education sector

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 j

Have you developed support programmes to involve young people and children in environment and development issues, such as children's and youth hearings and building on decisions of the World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)?

Youth

Children

 

World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

6. UNDP

6.1 Activities: Support programmes

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 j

Have you developed support programmes to involve young people and children in environment and development issues, such as children's and youth hearings and building on decisions of the World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)?

Youth

Children

 

World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

7. Regional Organisations

7.1 Activities: Administration

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.5 g

Have you undertaken a comprehensive review of your educational programmes, encompassing training and public awareness, to reassess priorities and reallocate resources?

Have you established a programme, which is adapted to the needs of educators at different levels and circumstances? Does this program mobilize the different sectors of society?

Administration

1994

 

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

7.2 Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 c

Have you provided public environmental and development information services for raising the awareness of all groups, the private sector and particularly decision makers?

Whole population,

particularly

businesses

and decision makers

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

8. Donor/Aid Agencies

8.1 Activities: Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.23.

Have you strengthened the training component in all development projects, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach, promoting awareness and providing the necessary skills for transition to a sustainable society?

Administration

 

Environmental management guidelines of UNDP for operational activities of the United Nations system

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 
 

9. International Financial Institutions

9.1 Activities: Facilitation, Finance

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD IV

Decision 4/11

Article 2 f

Have you assisted in promoting education, public awareness and training in developing countries, through the provision of financial and technical

Support?

Developing Countries

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.7 e

Have you encouraged debt for education swaps?

Governments

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

CSD VI,

Decision 6/3

Section C:

Education, public awareness and training,

Article 7 e

Have you considered the current levels of financing for education for sustainable development, with a view to developing a strategy or policies for mobilizing new and additional resources from all sources for ensuring greater financial support for education for sustainable development?

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

10. Bretton Wood Institutions

10.1 Activities: Facilitation, finance

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

CSD IV

Decision 4/11

Article 2 g

Have you analyse your current investments in education, with respect to the needs of promoting education for sustainable development?

Whole Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

11. Academia in cooperation with the public

11.1 Activities: Facilitation, Information dissemination, Knowledge building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 k

Have you set up forums on national and local levels to discuss environmental and development issues, and suggested sustainable alternatives to policy makers?

Decision/ Policy makers

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

12. Business

12.1 Activities: Human Resources Development

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target

Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.5 l

Have you included sustainable development in your education and training program, particularly in those programmes designed for future decision makers?

Students

Adult Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

CSD IV

Decision 4/11

Article 2 f

Have you assisted in promoting education, public awareness and training in developing countries, through the provision of financial and technical

Support?

Developing Countries

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

13. Employers' organizations, Workers' organizations,

Industry associations In cooperation with NGOs

13.1 Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.24.

Have you facilitated the exchange of experience concerning training and awareness programmes through existing networks of employers' and workers' organizations, industry associations and NGOs.

Employees

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

14. National professional associations

14.1 Activities: Information dissemination, Knowledge Building

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,

Art. 36.15.

Have you developed and reviewed your codes of ethics and conduct to strengthen environmental connections and commitment?

The training and personal development components of programmes sponsored by professional bodies should ensure incorporation of skills and information on the implementation of sustainable development at all points of policy- and decision-making.

     

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

 

 

15. Universities

15.1 Activities: Curriculum Design, Methodologies

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21, Art. 36.5 l /
36.16

Have you included sustainable development in your education and training program, particularly in those programmes designed for future decision makers?

Have you promoted the exchange of methodologies and evaluations dealing with environmental and developmental issues?

Students

Adult Population

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

16. NGOs

Source

Recommendation

Target
Group

Target
Date

Reference

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 j

Have you developed support programmes to involve young people and children in environment and development issues, such as children's and youth hearings and building on decisions of the World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)?

Youth

Children

 

World Summit for Children (A/45/625, annex)

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?

 

Agenda 21,
Art. 36.10 k

Have you encouraged the mobilization of both men and women in awareness campaigns, stressing the role of the family in environmental activities, women’s contribution to transmission of knowledge and social values and the development of human ressources?

Whole population,

particularly women

   

Recommendation fulfilled?
1.) If yes: a.) How and When?
b.) What was the impact?
c.) How was it measured?
2.) If not: Why not?