Download a PDF version of this fact sheet.

The Trump administration is intent on wrapping up the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as soon as possible. The NAFTA 2.0 negotiation has proceeded on an accelerated timetable with minimal transparency and consultation with Congress, and virtually no outreach to stakeholders representing the interests of small farmers, consumers or the general public. If an agreement is reached, it would normally be sent to Congress on a take-it-or-leave-it basis under “Fast Track” rules that truncate deliberations and remove much of Congress’ independent authority to review or change the final deal. Fast Track already undermines the democratic process in order to speed up review and approval of trade deals.

Clearly, time is of the essence; it is critical to understand as much as we can about this sweeping international agreement as quickly as possible. With 30 chapters of secret text and closed-door negotiations—and more than 500 corporate advisors with preferential access to negotiators—the final agreement could be as objectionable as the roundly criticized Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Indeed, it could be worse.

Even without seeing the text, we know a lot about where NAFTA 2.0 is headed. According to public reports, the text of the TPP was the starting point for many of the “modernized” NAFTA chapters on topics such as food safety, biotech, mechanisms to harmonize regulations, product standards and labeling, financial services, and energy—with many industry advisors calling for even more extreme corporate protections. In addition to the TPP, we can also look to the Korea-U.S. trade agreement (KORUS), Canada’s recently concluded agreement with the European Union (CETA), industry submissions outlining their priorities and preferred NAFTA outcomes, and USTR actions and reports targeting domestic policies as “non-tariff barriers” to trade.

From these sources, we conclude that it is likely that several provisions of NAFTA 2.0 are aimed at preventing Canada, Mexico and the United States from adopting rules governing how nutrition and product information about junk food is conveyed to consumers:

• First, a U.S. proposal restricting or prohibiting mandatory warning symbols on foods and beverages high in fat, salt, calories or sugar is known to be under consideration.
• Second, negotiators from the three countries reportedly have agreed to a provision similar to one in the TPP that aims to keep secret details about food additives used in prepackaged foods.
• Third, the junk food industry is pushing for new provisions to prevent governments from limiting advertising aimed at children, such as bans on cartoon characters on boxes of sugary cereals.

If these policies are included in NAFTA 2.0, they will effectively prevent all three governments from adopting some of the most effective public health policies to reduce obesity and prevent related health conditions. Additionally, depending on the outcome of negotiations relating to dispute settlement, NAFTA could provide new opportunities for both governments and the junk food industry to challenge mandatory food labeling and marketing policies.

PROHIBITING HEALTH-RELATED WARNING LABELS ON JUNK FOOD

Due to a leak, we know that policies aimed at reducing obesity through mandatory warnings on sugary drinks and packaged foods are being targeted in NAFTA 2.0. After the story was broken by consumer advocates in Mexico,¹ The New York Times published confidential details on part of one chapter relating to prepackaged food and beverage labeling.² The Times reported the U.S. wants to prevent any warning symbol, shape or color that “inappropriately denotes that a hazard exists from consumption of the food or nonalcoholic beverages.” At a Congressional hearing the top U.S. trade official, Ambassador Robert Lighthizer, both confirmed the essentials of The Times article, and defended the policy, saying food label warnings have been used to “create a protectionist environment.”³

The claim of protectionism is specious. The food and drink industry is global, and labeling laws don’t single out U.S. companies for attention. The top ten biggest food and drink companies are headquartered in Switzerland, Belgium, France, Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the U.S.⁴ Front-of-package warning labels employing easy-to-decipher text and symbols are part of a multi-faceted strategy to tackle the global obesity epidemic. They have been endorsed by the World Health Organization⁵ and other public health experts, and their effectiveness is backed up by solid research and experience.⁶ The labels work by educating consumers at the point of purchase so they seek out healthier food, leading manufacturers to reformulate their products to avoid the warning labels, thus increasing the availability of foods lower in fat, salt, sugar and calories.

The U.S. has been attempting to undermine labeling rules at the World Trade Organization (WTO) for years. Prior U.S. administrations have joined with other countries, representing the interests of the prepackaged food industry, to use the WTO’s Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) committee meetings to pressure other countries to water down their junk food labeling policies. Ecuador, Chile, Indonesia, Peru and Thailand have all faced criticisms in the TBT committee over their nutrition labeling policies.⁷ The USTR has also used its annual National Trade Estimate reports, which purport to identify improper restraints on trade, to call out these policies. The 2017 report raises concerns about nutrition labeling in both Chile and Peru.⁸ It appears that having failed to completely stop these measures in the WTO—although succeeding in delaying, weakening and blocking policies in several countries including Israel⁹—the Trump administration is now using NAFTA to change the rules to further advance corporate interests over public health concerns.

KEEPING FOOD ADDITIVE INFORMATION SECRET

The TPP annex “Proprietary Formulas for Prepackaged Foods and Food Additives” placed additional restrictions on governments developing technical regulations related to additives, such as labeling rules, and enshrined in that agreement new provisions protecting the secrecy of information related to processed food formulas.¹⁰ According to news reports, NAFTA negotiators have agreed to include a similar provision in NAFTA 2.0 “to protect the confidentiality of certain mixes and ingredients that are traded in the region.”¹¹

Unfortunately, current U.S. law regulating the safety of food additives is extremely weak and has allowed manufacturers to self-certify that about 1,000 of the chemicals they add to foods are “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS). Further, as the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) found in its 2014 report Generally Recognized as Secret, this system has enabled the food and chemical industry to keep much information about these additives secret.¹² Some of these additives, like artificial trans-fat, have been around for years and their negative consequences for health are well-known (trans-fat continues to be allowed in food even though the Food and Drug Administration has concluded that it causes eight deaths a day and costs billions in added health care costs).¹³ But details about many other additives remain cloaked in secrecy. NRDC found that 56 companies failed to disclose safety determinations for 275 newer chemicals. It also identified several additives listed on food packaging and considered safe under the GRAS policy despite known or suspected health impacts ranging from allergic reactions, interaction with common medications and links to leukemia, testicular tumors, and delayed bone formation.¹⁴

The NAFTA text could make it more difficult to gather sufficient information to develop standards for junk food warnings or other detailed labels about “proprietary” food additive formulas, or even to reform federal law in the future to remove the GRAS loophole.

UNDERMINING POLICIES TO LIMIT ADVERTISING THAT TARGETS CHILDREN

Restrictions on advertising are part of a comprehensive policy to reduce obesity rates and improve nutrition. Chile’s junk food labeling rules go beyond requiring warning symbols; they also restrict advertising aimed at children under the age of 14 for foods considered high in calories, saturated fat, sugar and sodium.¹⁵ For example, the use of cartoon characters on cereal boxes is prohibited.¹⁶ In 2013, a South Africa law went into effect prohibiting pictures, photographs or drawings of infants, young children or even forms that resemble them, such as humanized animals, on foods for infants and children.¹⁷ The law was adopted to implement a 1981 World Health Organization code developed to protect infant health by regulating the marketing of breast milk substitutes.¹⁸ Several countries restrict or ban television marketing of junk food to children, including Ireland, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan and the U.K. Quebec was the first government to restrict junk food advertising to children, passing a law in 1980 banning fast food marketing aimed at children under 13 in print and electronic media. Quebec now has the lowest child obesity rate in Canada.¹⁹

These laws have been strongly opposed by the food industry, which has challenged the provisions banning cartoon characters and baby pictures in particular as trademark infringements. These complaints have been pursued both under domestic law and in international fora including the WTO. After years of attacks by Gerber Products Company, Guatemala’s Supreme Court exempted imported baby food products from the country’s infant formula labeling law, which prohibited the use of pictures of babies on food for children under two years of age. As in South Africa, Guatemala’s law sought to implement the WHO infant food advertising code. Gerber, citing the WTO’s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and other trade measures, argued the labeling law was a trade restriction aimed at U.S. goods that denied Gerber use of its trademark (a baby picture) in violation of intellectual property law.²⁰ Chile’s more recent law banning cartoon characters is likewise being challenged in domestic courts by food and beverage companies claiming violations of trademark law.²¹ These food labeling disputes are the latest chapter in a long history of industry challenges to plain packaging laws, including years-long disputes over Australia’s tobacco labeling laws brought by tobacco companies in private investor-state arbitration (ISDS) and by mostly tobacco-growing governments before the WTO. These cases ultimately have been resolved in favor of Australia, but cost millions to defend and deterred other countries from adopting similar policies.²²

These industry complaints have made their way into the NAFTA negotiations. The North American Market Working Group of the U.S. Food and Agriculture Dialogue for Trade, a coalition of agricultural groups and food companies—many of which also serve on USTR industry advisory committees—has urged USTR to include several policies friendly to the junk food industry in NAFTA 2.0. The Working Group has demanded new provisions in NAFTA that go beyond the TPP text–the industry coalition calls them “improvements”—to further protect “trademarked U.S. brands, brand names, icons, logos, mascots and other identifying marks and labels,” including provisions:

• “Promoting language that protects confidential business information.
• That include WTO-plus provisions to protect lawfully registered and legally trademarked brands, brand names, icons, logos, mascots, and other identifying marks and labels from de facto confiscation or restrictions, including the application of unjustified SPS and/or TBT measures.
• Preventing restrictions on marketing, promotion, branding and quantity of formulations within
  a brand.”²³

Given that the USTR has itself repeatedly raised objections to these kinds of advertising restrictions (the 2017 National Trade Estimate report claimed that Chile’s cartoon bans “have resulted in delays, shortages, and repackaging that have cost U.S. firms millions of dollars in lost sales and other expenses”),²⁴ it is quite possible that USTR is seeking provisions in NAFTA that reflect the industry demands. As discussed above, we know that other demands of the Working Group, including food additive secrecy provisions and new restrictions on front-of-package warning labels, have been put forward by USTR in the NAFTA negotiations.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF NAFTA’S RESTRICTIONS ON FOOD LABELING

Canada, Mexico and the United States are each experiencing public health crises linked to some of the highest obesity rates in the world—rates that continue to rise.²⁵ Diseases associated with obesity and poor nutrition include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis and some forms of cancer,²⁶ and lead to premature deaths and the unnecessary expenditure of billions of dollars by families, health care systems and state and federal governments.²⁷ The ready availability of highly-processed foods and sugary drinks, and the increasing consumption of these products—promoted by reduced tariffs and other free trade policies implemented through the original NAFTA—has been closely associated with this rapid rise in obesity.²⁸ Yet, rather than acknowledging these negative health consequences and seeking to address them in the new “modernized” NAFTA 2.0, negotiators are hurtling toward completing a deal that will exacerbate the obesity epidemic, and foreclose some of the most effective ways to address it. Moreover, unlike a domestic law or regulation, these provisions would be nearly impossible to reverse.

These are not hypothetical issues. Even as the NAFTA talks move toward undermining its authority to do so, the Canadian health agency has initiated rulemaking to address high obesity rates by requiring junk food warning labels²⁹ and proposed restricting the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children.³⁰ Advertising techniques that Canada is considering banning or limiting include both traditional media as well as digital platforms, and may include packaging and labeling, use of characters and celebrities, and branding (including logos, symbols, words or images associated with a food product).³¹

In Mexico, the government is under pressure to adopt front-of-package junk food warning labels and is being sued by consumer groups over the ineffectiveness of its nutrition labeling.³² The complicated format of Mexico’s industry-approved current nutrition labels actually promotes sugar consumption and requires higher math to decipher.³³

In the U.S., where the federal government has been slow to seriously consider mandatory front-of-packaging food warnings, states and localities have led the charge to address the growing obesity crisis, trying everything from mandatory recess and farm-to-school food purchasing, to menu calorie labeling and sugary drink taxes.³⁴ Legislation to require warning labels on sugary drinks was introduced in Hawaii³⁵ and New York³⁶ in 2017. State attorneys general have a long history enforcing laws prohibiting deceptive trade practices including false and misleading advertisements. They have successfully challenged food and beverage marketers that make unsupported food nutrition claims—such as a short-lived Kellogg marketing claim that Cocoa Krispies “support your child’s immunity”³⁷—and tobacco advertising aimed at children, including the use of the cartoon Joe Camel character.³⁸ There is no reason to believe that state legislatures, governors and attorneys general won’t continue their efforts to address obesity and other public health issues through nutrition labeling and marketing policies.

WHAT CAN WE DO?

While the texts remain secret, we know that the junk food industry has pushed hard for, and the U.S. government is receptive to, new provisions in NAFTA that would derail stepped-up efforts in all three NAFTA countries to tackle the obesity crisis and improve nutrition. The junk food industry is invoking a tried and true strategy, following in the footsteps of the tobacco industry, which for years effectively used trade agreements to block labeling and advertising rules. Even though Canada’s top NAFTA negotiator has said he won’t agree to the U.S. anti-labeling text, his informal comments were made only after the U.S. demands were widely-publicized and attacked by consumer groups.³⁹ Despite strong opposition to the proposed anti-labeling text, including letters from leading consumer, food and public health organizations requesting that the U.S. back away from the labeling policy, the USTR has not publicly stated that it will do so. In response to a letter signed by IATP, USTR unsatisfactorily stated “we will review your concerns in detail.” What else is buried in this agreement? Congress and the public need to demand transparency and accountability from the USTR and President Trump, and make sure that the renegotiated NAFTA isn’t even worse than what came before.

Endnotes

1. Angel Vieyra, “México y EU Acuerdan Bloquear en el TLCAN Políticas Para Combatir la Obesidad: ONG”, Cadena Digital de Noticias, March 13, 2018, http://www.cdnoticias.com.mx/articulos/mexico-eu-acuerdan-bloquear-tlcan-politicas-combatir-la-obesidad-ong/mexico (accessed May 1, 2018).
2. Azam Ahmed, Matt Richtel and Andrew Jacobs, “In Nafta Talks, U.S. Tries to Limit Junk Food Warning Labels”, New York Times, March 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/world/americas/nafta-food-labels-obesity.html (accessed April 30, 2018).
3. Kathleen Cusack and Jennifer McCadney, “U.S. to Raise “Misleading” Food Labeling Rules in NAFTA Discussions”, Trade and Manufacturing Monitor, April 4, 2018, https://www.ustrademonitor.com/2018/04/u-s-to-raise-misleading-food-labeling-rules-in-nafta-discussions/ (accessed May 1, 2018). See also video of House Ways and Means Hearing, Questioning of Rep. Lloyd Doggett, YouTube, March 21, 2018, https://youtu.be/zO0VKcIvng0 (accessed May 1, 2018).
4. Biz Vibe Blog, “Top 10 World’s Largest Food & Beverage Companies in 2017”, June 26, 2017, https://www.bizvibe.com/blog/top-10-worlds-largest-food-beverage-companies-2017/ (accessed April 27, 2018).
5. World Health Organization, “Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity”, 2016, http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/final-report/en/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
6. Allyn L. Taylor, Emily Whelan Parento, and Laura A. Schmidt, “The Increasing Weight of Regulation: Countries Combat the Global Obesity Epidemic,” Indiana Law Journal, 2015, Vol. 90 : Iss. 1, Article 7, https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol90/iss1/7 (accessed May 1, 2018). See also Marion Nestle, “Front-of-package labels: Do they work?”, January 16, 2018, Food Politics Blog, https://www.foodpolitics.com/2018/01/front-of-package-labels-do-they-work/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
7. Anne Marie Thow, Alexandra Jones, Corinna Hawkes, Iqra Ali, and Ronald Labonté, “Nutrition labelling is a trade policy issue: lessons from an analysis of specific trade concerns at the World Trade Organization”, Health Promotion International, January 11, 2017, https://academic.oup.com/heapro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapro/daw109/2897774 (accessed May 1, 2018). See also, Marcelo Alexis Nunez Campbell, “Regulatory Autonomy and Public Health under the World Trade Organization (WTO): A Case Study of the Chilean Food-labeling Scheme”, 2017, http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-60090 (accessed May 1, 2018).
8. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, “National Trade Estimate Report 2017”, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2017/NTE/2017 NTE.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).
9. Marion Nestle, “Israel’s Front-of-Package labeling scheme delayed (guess why)”, Food Politics Blog, January 20, 2018, https://www.foodpolitics.com/2018/01/israels-front-of-package-labeling-scheme-delayed-guess-why/ (accessed April 27, 2018).
10. Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Technical Barriers to Trade Annex 8-F, Article 3,” TransPacific Partnership Final Text, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Final-Text-Technical-Barriers-to-Trade.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).
11. Helena Bottemillar Evich, “NAFTA round 7 has progress for aggies”, Politico, March 6, 2018, https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-agriculture/2018/03/06/nafta-round-7-has-progress-for-aggies-123541 (accessed April 27, 2018)
12. Tom Neltner and Maricel Maffini, “Generally Recognized as Secret: Chemicals Added to Food in the United States”, Natural Resources Defense Council, April 2014, https://assets.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/safety-loophole-for-chemicals-in-food-report.pdf?_ga=2.79597076.1060533047.1524849244-472955975.1524849244 (accessed April 27, 2018).
13. Ibid., p. 11, and footnote 45.
14. Ibid., p 9-10. These substances included Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG); Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter; Sweet lupin protein, fiber and flour; and Theobromine.
15. “Chile Banishes Cartoon Mascots from Supermarket Shelves”, Hunter College Food Policy Center, February 20, 2018, http://www.nycfoodpolicy.org/chile-banishes-cartoon-mascots-supermarket-shelves/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
16. Andrew Jacobs, “In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger”, New York Times, February 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/health/obesity-chile-sugar-regulations.html?auth=login-email (accessed April 27, 2018).
17. Megan Reimers and Chavern Ismail, “Regulations Relating to Food Stuffs for Infants and Young Children Issued in South Africa on 6 December 2012”, Feb 5, 2013, https://www.spoor.com/en/News/regulations-relating-to-food-stuffs-for-infants-and-young-children-issued-in-south-africa-on-6-december-2012/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
18. World Health Organization, “International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes”, 1981, http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).
19. Food Tank Blog, “Eight Countries Taking Action Against Harmful Food Marketing”, 2016, https://foodtank.com/news/2016/06/eight-countries-taking-action-against-harmful-food-marketing/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
20. “Gerber Uses Threat of GATT Sanctions to Gain Exemption from Guatemalan Infant Health Law”, Corporate Crime Reporter (Volume 10, Number 14, April 8, 1996), republished at http://www.cptech.org/ip/gerber.txt (accessed April 29, 2018).
21. Diego José Acuña Domínguez, “Food labelling vs Trademarks in Chile: a conflict not yet settled”, January 24, 2018, https://yourlatamflagship.com/2018/01/24/food-labelling-vs-trademarks-in-chile-a-conflict-not-yet-settled/ (accessed May 1, 2018); “Pepsico Subsidiary Sues Treasury for Law on Food Labeling”, June 14, 2017, http://www.marcasurmi.com/en/articles/chile/Pepsico_subsidiary_sues_Treasury_for_Law_on_Food_Labeling.html (accessed may 1, 2018).
22. The result of the WTO case has been announced but the written decision has not yet been released. Matthew Rimmer, “The Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products”, QUT Law Review, 17 (2), December 31, 2017, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3130409 (accessed May 1, 2018).
23. North American Market Working Group of the U.S. Food and Agriculture Dialogue for Trade, “Docket No. USTR-2017-0006- Request for Comments on Negotiating Objectives Regarding Modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico”, p. 12, http://www.nopa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Public-Comments_US-Food-Ag-Dialogue-NAmer_170612_FINAL.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).
24. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, “National Trade Estimate Report 2017”, Technical Barriers to Trade- Nutritional Labeling, p. 72-73, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2017/NTE/2017 NTE.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).
25. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Obesity Update 2017”, https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).
26. British Medical Journal, “Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort”, February 14, 2018, BMJ 2018; 360:k322, http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k322 (accessed May 2, 2018).
27. Brookings Institution, “The High Cost of Obesity on Government Budgets”, 2014, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2014/12/12/obesity-costs-evident-at-the-state-level/ (accessed April 27, 2018).
28. Karen Hansen-Kuhn and Sophia Murphy, “Exporting Obesity”, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 2012, https://www.iatp.org/documents/exporting-obesity (accessed May 1, 2018); Pepita Barlow, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler, “The Impact of U.S. Free Trade Agreements on Calorie Availability and Obesity: A Natural Experiment in Canada,” Open access - Original research article, In Press, Corrected Proof, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074937971831554X (accessed March 26, 2018); LG Baraldi, E Martinez Steele, and DS Canella et al, “Consumption of ultra-processed foods and associated sociodemographic factors in the USA between 2007 and 2012: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study,” British Medical Journal, BMJ Open 2018;8:e020574, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020574.
29. Canada Ministry of Health, “Consultation on proposed front-of-package labelling”, Consultation closed, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/programs/consultation-front-of-package-nutrition-labelling-cgi.html (accessed May 1, 2018).
30. Canada Ministry of Health, “Consultation Report: Restricting Marketing of Unhealthy Food and Beverages to Children in Canada”, December 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/food-nutrition/restricting-marketing-to-kids-what-we-heard.html#a4_3 (accessed May 1, 2018).
31. Ibid.
32. “La Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) atrae la revisión de la sentencia que declara inconstitucional el sistema de etiquetado frontal mexicano”, February 22, 2018, El Poder del Consumidor Web site, http://elpoderdelconsumidor.org/prensa/la-suprema-corte-justicia-la-nacion-atrae-la-revision-la-sentencia-declara-inconstitucional-sistema-etiquetado-frontal-mexicano/ (accessed May 1, 2018).
33. Marion Nestle, “Mexico’s front-of-package food label: Eat more sugar!”, Food Politics Blog, October 6, 2014, https://www.foodpolitics.com/2014/10/mexicos-front-of-package-food-label-eat-more-sugar/ (accessed April 27, 2018).
34. Amy Winterfeld and Richard Cauchi, “LegisBrief: Obesity, Progress and Challenges”, National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2014, http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/obesity-progress-and-challenges.aspx (accessed May 1, 2018).
35. Hawaii Senate Bill 307, 2018, https://custom.statenet.com/public/resources.cgi?id=ID:bill:HI2017000S307&ciq=ncsl7&client_md=ac28c19f409b202c0010ffe8f9000780&mode=current_text (accessed April 27, 2018).
36. New York Assembly Bill 5239, 2018, https://custom.statenet.com/public/resources.cgi?id=ID:bill:NY2017000A5239&ciq=ncsl7&client_md=a3b1ae93fdc5da45ac7c84b6ae37bb09&mode=current_text (accessed April 27, 2018).
37. Public Health Law Center, William Mitchell College of Law, “State AG Enforcement of Food Marketing Laws: A Brief History”, 2010, http://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/phlc-fs-agstatefoodenforce-2010.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).
38. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “Camel Cigarettes: A Long History of Targeting Kids”, June 18, 2013, https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/microsites/camel/Camel_History.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).
39. Breaking the News, “Canada rejects US food packaging proposals in NAFTA talks”, March 28, 2018, https://breakingthenews.net/canada-rejects-us-food-packaging-proposals-in-nafta-talks/news/details/42746515 (accessed April 27, 2018).

Download a PDF version of this fact sheet.