This issue brief reviews the current economic and agircultural research on the financial impact of sustainable farming on farmers in the United States. If profitability means the measure of return to the farmer, is sustainable farming profitable? Have specific types of sustainable agricultural systems been found to decrease the cost of production and thus raise farm income? Do certain practices enhance farm productivity and thus profitability? How does income vary over time? Is it fair to compare conventional and sustainable agriculture? These are some of the inquiries explored throughout the literature review.